Legal foundations, liability, and standards for fall protection in industry

Industriebetriebe mit großen Maschinen und Anlagen kommen um Absturzsicherungen nicht herum, denn ein gutes Sicherheitskonzept ist heutzutage Pflicht. Der einschlägige DGUV-Report Berrechnung des internationalen Return of Prevention für Unternehmen zeigt außerdem, dass sich die Investition in betrieblichen Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz durchaus lohnt. Denn Absturzsicherung ist immer günstiger als ein Absturzunfall. In diesem Beitrag finden Sie daher alle wichtigen Informationen rund um Rechtsgrundlagen, Haftung und Normen von Absturzsicherung in der Industrie.

Wer ist für die Absturzsicherung in Industriebetrieben verantwortlich?

Die Zuständigkeit für Absturzsicherheit liegt grundsätzlich bei den Betreibern eines Unternehmens, Gebäudes bzw. einer Anlage. In Industriebetrieben ist diese verantwortliche Person der Geschäftsführer und eine von ihm bestellte Sicherheitsfachkraft. Denn auf Grundlage des Bundesgesetzes über die Sicherheit und den Gesundheitsschutz bei der Arbeit (ArbeitnehmerInnenschutzgesetz, BGBL. Nr. 450/1994 i.d.g.F.) ist die Bestellung einer Sicherheitsfachkraft verpflichtend vorgeschrieben. In vielen Fällen übt dieser Sicherheitsexperte seine Tätigkeit hauptberuflich in einer Firma aus, da er neben Absturzsicherung auch für Themen wie Brand- und Explosionsschutz, Arbeitsunfälle und Gefahrenbeurteilung verantwortlich ist. Die Ausbildung zur Sicherheitsfachkraft kann beispielsweise beim TÜV Austria von Meistern, Werkmeistern, Hochschulabsolventen u.a. nach mindestens 2 Jahren Berufserfahrung absolviert werden.

Welche Rechtsgrundlagen gelten für Absturzsicherung in der Industrie?

In Industriebetrieben, wo große Anlagen, Maschinen, Kräne o.Ä. im Einsatz sind, ist eine sach- und fachgerechte Absturzsicherung rechtlich vorgeschrieben. In Österreich gilt es hierbei folgende Gesetze zu beachten:

• ArbeitnehmerInnenschutzgesetz (ASchG)
• Verordnung Persönliche Schutzausrüstung (PSA-V)
• Maschinen-Sicherheitsverordnung (MSV)

In Deutschland und in der Schweiz gelten ähnliche Rechtsgrundlagen, die beispielsweise in den deutschen DGUV-Vorschriften oder bei der schweizer SUVA nachzulesen sind.

Montierte Absturzsicherungen müssen einer jährlichen Prüfkontrolle unterzogen werden, wobei folgende Gesetze und Normen wesentlich sind:

• PSA-V §3, Absatz 5: Arbeitsplatzevaluierung
• AschG §17, Absatz 2: Instandhaltung, Reinigung, Prüfung 
• EN 362 “Persönliche Schutzausrüstung gegen Absturz - Verbindungselemente”
• EN 363 “Persönliche Absturzschutzausrüstung – Persönliche Absturzschutzsysteme”
• EN 795 “Persönliche Absturzschutzausrüstung - Anschlageinrichtungen”
• EN 353 “Prüf- und Zertifizierungskriterien für mitlaufende Auffanggeräte einschließlich Führung”
• EN 365 “Persönliche Schutzausrüstung zum Schutz gegen Absturz - Allgemeine Anforderungen an Gebrauchsanleitungen, Wartung, regelmäßige Überprüfung, Instandsetzung, Kennzeichnung und Verpackung”
• EN ISO 14122-3 Ortsfeste Zugänge zu maschinellen Anlagen 

What is the STOP principle and what role does it play for fall protection?

The STOP principle equates to compliance with the correct sequence of all industrial safety measures which create an appropriate and effective fall protection system. STOP is the acronym for Substitution, Technical, Organisational, and Personal industrial safety measures. 

In order to systematically avert safety risks, the sequence of the measures is decisive. We will take an industrial hall as an example. It contains large, dangerous machines which may be accessed by anyone wearing personal protective equipment such as safety spectacles. Here, access restrictions, an important organisational industrial safety measure, are ignored, and the hall would be considered as unsafe. Because every operation has individual requirements, trained specialised experts develop suitable special solutions together with their customers, with the result that the necessary safety standards are complied with at all times. 

Which safety measures are included in fall protection?

Real fall protection in industrial operations requires a holistic safety concept, because not only is the illusion of safety dangerous for the employees working on the job, but also for the responsible persons and the company itself. In addition to assessment and planning, the following safety measures are therefore necessary:

1. Substitution 

Substitution refers to the replacement of sources of danger, i.e. these are either completely eliminated or else “deactivated” to the extent that no further hazard exists to persons or physical objects. For example, caustic or poisonous cleaning agents are replaced with neutral agents.

2. Technical industrial safety measures

To be able to install an appropriate and effective fall protection system, it is essential to use high-quality and above all proven products such as anchorage devices and fasteners. In addition, technical industrial safety measures for individual and collective protection increase safety on the job:

• Anchor points: allows a restricted area or a specific working environment to be secured
• Cable and rail systems: Systems with a moveable anchor point which enable safe movement options along the cable/rail run
• Enclosures: Machine covers, e.g. protective casing for drills and lathes, ensure that no-one can reach into the machine.
• Scaffolding: mobile or fixed scaffolding is more stable and safer for climbing than ladders.
• Barriers: these pre-emptively prevent employees, as well as the industrial climber himself, from accessing specific sources of danger.
• Railings: especially on large-scale equipment, such as a long paper machine, railings prevent penetration to dangerous fall edges or potential sources of danger.

3. Organisational industrial safety measures

Next, organisational industrial safety measures must be complied with in order to ensure real fall protection on industrial premises and in industrial halls:

• Access restrictions: the accident risk is reduced by restricting the group of people who have access to a plant or to equipment, for instance by means of a chip card system.
• Shift arrangements: setting fixed rules as to the number of people who may be on the job also improves safety.
• Instruction: Employees working on a machine or in a plant and using fall protection require special instruction, e.g. the locations at which care is required, and what the dangers are.

4. Personal industrial safety measures

Personal industrial safety measures are aimed at those who are actually active at the source of danger. This protective equipment is personalised, and as a rule it must not be shared, e.g. safety footwear

• Safety shoes
• Gloves
• Helmets
• Anti-fall PPE harnesses

Who is liable in the event of a fall accident?

In Austria, if a fall accident occurs despite safety precautions, e.g. an industrial climber slips during his work, an accident report must be made to AUVA. This must take place within 5 days, or within 3 days for a fatal accident. In order to exclude negligent conduct, an assessor will inspect the accident site and the fall protection system. The basis of this assessment is the installation document and the test logs which must be created annually. If these are not available or not kept carefully, then there is already a risk of being held accountable for this breach. Furthermore, it must be checked whether the fall protection was planned and installed appropriately and effectively. If faults are proven in the inspection of the substructure, or in planning, installation, documentation, PPE, and rescue measures, then it has to be decided who bears responsibility. As a rule, it is a court who decides whether the managing director of the affected industrial operation, the safety expert, or the installation company is made liable.

Summary: Fall protection is anchored in law

It makes complete sense to treat fall protection as a holistic safety concept. On the one hand, industrial operations must comply with the legal foundations, with all their laws and standards. On the other hand, these thus protect from the accusation of negligence in the event of a fall accident. Real fall protection is based on the totality of the safety measures, and these must be systematically designed on the basis of the STOP principle. A trained safety expert and an experienced installation company with regularly tested experts are the best precondition for optimally protected industrial halls and premises.

Would you like to find out more about sustainable safety concepts in industrial operations? Then download our manual about fall protection in industry now, free of charge.